The Basics of Using Carbon Fiber Laminates

The Basics of Using Carbon Fiber Laminates If using carbon-fiber composites was easy, they would be everywhere. Using carbon fiber takes as much science and mechanical skill as it does art and finesse. The Basics Whether you are working on a hobby project  or trying to trick out your car, first think carefully about why you want to use carbon fiber. Although the composite is versatile, it can be expensive to work with and may not be the right material for the job. Carbon fiber has a lot of benefits. This material is extremely lightweight, incredibly strong, and it has excellent mechanical properties. However, carbon fiber is also trendy, which means people may  use it for the sake of using it. For example, if all you really want is the surface finish of a carbon-fiber weave, then save yourself the trouble and simply apply a carbon-fiber vinyl adhesive film. Carbon fiber is quite expensive compared to similar composites. Carbon Fiber Vinyl Film Carbon fiber vinyl film is available in rolls or sheets. It has the look and texture of actual carbon fiber. However, this adhesive-backed film is as easy to apply as a sticker. Simply cut it to size, peel, and stick. Many  distributors  sell this film, which is dramatically inexpensive compared to actual carbon fiber. The carbon fiber film has great UV resistance and does provide some impact-resistance. Its used in everything from cell phones to sports cars. How to Use Carbon Fiber Its not difficult to learn how to laminate carbon fiber. First, again ask yourself what the purpose the carbon fiber is going to serve. If it is purely for aesthetics, then a single layer of inexpensive carbon fiber will probably do the trick. This layer can cover a thicker laminate of fiberglass. However, if youre planning a structural component or something else that needs to be strong, more robust use of carbon fiber may be warranted. If you are building a snowboard in your garage  or designing an aircraft part using carbon fiber, do some planning before you begin. This can help you avoid manufacturing a part that will fail, and also prevent you from wasting expensive material. Use a composite material software program, many of which are free, to design the specific carbon fiber item you need. The program knows the properties of the carbon fiber and applies this data to the laminate being designed. Consult with a professional engineer when youre designing a critical part or piece, the failure of which could cause harm to yourself or others. Laminating carbon fiber is no different than fiberglass or other reinforcements. Practice learning how to laminate carbon fiber with fiberglass, which is a fraction of the cost. Pick your resin carefully. If it is a part intended for its appearance and free of gel coat, use a high-quality polyester or epoxy resin. Most epoxies and polyester resins will have a yellowish or brownish tint. A clear resin will be your best choice. Any resin used in surfboard manufacturing is usually as clear as water. Youre now prepared to laminate your carbon fiber composite.

How poverty may affect the psychological and social health of the Essay

How poverty may affect the psychological and social health of the individual - Essay Example The statistics of World Bank show that the numbers of the people living below the poverty line is increasing all over the world and 1.4 billion people are living with $1.25 or even lesser income per day and approximately three billion people use to get less than $2.5 per day. (World Bank Poverty Overview) Poverty is not only the problem of poor countries but the developed and rich countries like UK and US are also facing this serious threat. Poverty strongly affects the physical, psychological and social health of the individuals and it is revealed from numerous studies that a strong link exists between poverty, mental illness and social discriminations. The following discussion aims to identify some of the important effects of poverty upon the psychological and social health of the individuals. In this regard, the essay discussed some of the major governing factors that led people towards the state of poverty and also highlight the major social and psychological impacts that poverty draws upon the health of the individuals (Hine and Montiel, p943). Poverty causes abundance of problems and the poor people often face the dilemma of hunger, undernourishment and diseases that make their lives so miserable that they become unable to participate in several social activities. There are many governing factors that can be sought as the reason behind poverty like bad governance, social inequality, natural disasters, political takeover, lack of accountability, exploitation of one group of people by the others and high level of unfairness prevailing within the social systems. All these factors affect the social solidity and escort to dilemmas such as mounting felony and aggression. It is a widely accepted fact that the people facing poverty enjoy little respect in society and they have less admittance to healthcare, education and other social services (Singh and Vasundeva, p51). The failure of

Analyzing Direct Costs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyzing Direct Costs - Essay Example And lastly, Quality Control and Testing has a labor rate of $10.00. When multiplied by the projected 500 labor hours this give you a total of $5,000. Adding the totals of these five jobs together we have $3,625 + $16,400 + $11,250 + $6,750 + $5,000, which is an estimated total labor cost of 43,025. I then divided this total by the total projected labor hours of 5000 to come up with the weighted average cost of $8.61 (rounded up). The direct manufacturing labor cost objective (Question 2) would be this weighted average time projected hours which is a cost objective of $43,015. To estimate the material cost for the Far-Out Products task (Question 1), I took the proposed labor hours figure of 1800 and multiplied by the $41 simple average, which comes from the total material dollars expended divided by the total labor hours for the last five projects, for a total of $73,800. Using the regression analysis (Question 2), I put the 1800 labor hours into the equation, which was determined as $24,117 + $25.74 multiplied by the labor hours. and the estimate I came up with was $70,449. To answer Question 3, the first estimate appears more accurate in relation to the data from past projects. This could be due to the fact that the r2 of .988 is not necessarily a perfect fit for the regression model, since the r2 does not equal 1, though it is very close to 1. I would use the first estimate because it is based on the average of the last five projects. In the Material Sampling case, since the item is overpriced by $20,000 (Question 1), I reduced the estimate of $620,000 for the 20 high-cost items down to $600,000. And because the sample of the other 480 items is overpriced by 6 percent (Question 2), I took the total of $180,200 and added a 106% increase, giving a total of $191,012. So the estimate for total material cost (Question 3) would be $600,000 plus $191,012; which is a total material cost estimate of $791,012. Even with the 106% increase for the 480 smaller items, this estimate is still less than the original estimate $800,200. This is because the one high-cost item was overpriced by $20,000. For the DeLoan Corporation, the 6-month moving average estimated scrap rate (Question 1) equals scrap for the month divided by material for the month. Dividing these for each month gives you 5.5% for February + 6.09% for March + 6.19% for April + 6.52% for May + 6.02% for June + 5.72% for July. We don’t have to factor in the January scrap rate since that was 7 months ago and we are only concerned with the last six months. So dividing these percentages by 6, we come up with a 6-month moving average scrap rate of 6.0133%. Using this scrap rate to figure out how much total product is needed if the finished product is $90,000 (Question 2), I took 106.0133%, which is 100% plus the rate calculated from question 1, and multiplied it by that $90,000, coming up with a total material estimate of $95,412 (rounded up). To answer Question 3, yes this is a reasonab le estimate since it is based on the average scrap metal rate of the previous six months and one could expect that the actual number will be close to this estimate. FIFO stands for First-In, First-Out, meaning that inventory is calculated as first-come, first-serve. The product that is produced first goes out first using this method. For the Mason Inventory data, the FIFO inventory value charged (Question 1) would be the first value listed, which is $10. I took this rate and multiplied it

What Are the Differences in Organizational Structures Essay Example for Free

What Are the Differences in Organizational Structures Essay Organizational structure development is driven by an organizations type. According to Lamar University, organizational structure is, â€Å"the formal system of task and reporting relationships that controls, coordinates, and motivates employees so that they cooperate to achieve an organizations goals. † Depending on the type of business or organization, the organizational structure will be developed differently. For example, if you were running a local police department, the organizational structure would be very different from the structure used to run a department store. The type of structure used in a organization has the potential to increase or prohibit productivity. Differentiation The differentiation organizational structure is a team-based, functional approach. The structure separates the company into different teams that are specialized to accomplish a specific task. This is commonly seen in departments within a company. The company separates employees into an information technology department, customer service department and marketing department that confines each to specific tasks. The teams to do not interconnect or cross departmental lines to maintain order and control. Divisional Divisional organizational structure overlaps teams and skills in order to accomplish a task. This structure allows different departments to interconnect to utilize the different skills in team members on different teams. For example, if a customer is talking with a representative from the information technology (IT) department about a technical issue, a customer service representative may be needed to first listen and gather the information to relay to the IT specialist. The teams work together to increase productivity. Tall organizations have many levels from the executives down to the entry-level positions. Tall organizations commonly use an authoritative leadership approach where leadership makes executive decisions that are communicated through management with the expectation of employees following directions without questions. This structure limits feedback from employees and does not encourage free-thinking or critical thinking. This type of structure is seen in the military. An office gives a command and the soldiers are expected to respond immediately, without question. Flat organizations have fewer levels of management and leadership and incorporate employees into the decision-making process and daily affairs of the business. A democratic or delegative leadership structure places the emphasis more on the members of the organization than the leadership. Democratic leadership pulls team members into the decision-making process for help on brainstorming, feedback and improving company policy and procedures. Delegative structures assign tasks to different teams and allow the teams to make decision on their own without consulting leadership. What Is Hotel Organizational Structure?  A hotel organizational structure is a comprehensive plan by a hotel owner to define departmental activities and responsibilities. This structure brings order to every aspect of hotel operation from the front desk and room service to the human resources department. Hotel organizational structures are necessary to ensure maximum profitability from each room, restaurant and bar on a daily basis. Your hotel can run efficiently if it creates an organizational structure that is easy to understand. Objectives A hotels organizational structure is useless without an initial listing of organizational objectives. These objectives address internal and external affairs for the hotel so that the goals it sets forth can be achieved by appropriate personnel. An internal objective for a hotel may be weekly meetings between department heads to communicate operational problems. External objectives within a hotel organizational structure may include recruitment goals for seasonal staff and variable pricing for weekdays and weekends. You can work with a hotel consulting firm such as HVS Hotel Management to establish short- and long-term objectives from the start. Span of Control  The term span of control is used to describe the chain of authority in a hotel organizational structure. A hotel using a wide span of control requires every department to report to the general manager directly. Hotels using narrow spans of control delegate management authority to assistant managers, department heads and supervisors for day-to-day problems. A small hotel is likely to use a wide span of control because the general manager may be on site every day. National and international chains use narrow spans of control to address hotel issues immediately as owners or general managers are not able to cover each hotel. Defining Department Responsibilities The five departments that are listed in a hotel organizational structure are Rooms; Food and Beverage; Human Resources; Marketing; and Accounting. The Rooms department handles customer service including laundry, housekeeping and reservations. FB is responsible for running room service, bar and restaurant operations. The Human Resources department is asked to handle employee recruitment, training and benefits, and Accounting oversees the hotel ledger. The Marketing department is given the responsibility of selling ad space in hotels and running promotions. Organizational Flow Chart The size of your hotel will determine the size and nature of your organizational flow chart. A small hotel with a handful of employees may feature a two-level chart with the owner at the top and lines connecting to maintenance, reservations and housekeeping. A chain hotel must insert additional layers of management including an executive board and regional managers, which expands the flow chart to at least four layers. An organizational flow chart can be as general as a simple departmental overview or focused on position-by-position relationships throughout the hotel. Job Definition and Responsibilities Your hotel should define each job title carefully after completing its organizational flow chart. Each job should be listed alphabetically within each department and include a brief summary of job responsibilities. A comprehensive list of job responsibilities for each position title should be included in an organization structure. This list is used by human resource managers for recruitment ads and employee evaluations within your hotel. Your hotels employees understand what they need to get done each day if they have access to narrowly defined job responsibilities. Types of Hotel Organizational Structure By Mollye Miller, eHow Contributor updated: May 11, 2010 Large luxury hotels require a complex organizational structure to meet guest needs. Because hotels vary in size and type, hotel organizational structure depends on the range of services and amenities offered to visiting guests. Some organizational structures include multiple departments, managers and branches to extend full-service luxury accommodations and amenities. However, small, low-budget, family run hotels may have only one manager and a few employees to handle all guest needs and services. Basic  Smaller or economy hotels need a small organizational structure and hierarchy to meet guest needs All hotels divide their operations into two basic categories: administrative and guest operations. Administrative personnel handle the hotels paperwork, accounting, human resources and office work responsibilities. Operations employees handle the general functions of the hotel. This includes checking in guests, coordinating events, cleaning rooms and maintenance duties. Both administrative and operations employees generally report to the hotel manager (general manager) and other managerial staff employees. The general manager oversees, and sometimes coordinates all hotel major functions and makes sure the organization runs smoothly at all times. Departments Administrative departments include human resources employees who hire and lay off staff; accountants, who handle invoices and paychecks; and front office employees who maintain the hotels database of guests and service calls. The administrative side also includes sales, marketing and promotional managers who advertise the hotel and its services. The operations department includes employees who operate, coordinate and handle all guest needs inperson or behind the scenes. Operations employees include the front office workers who check in guests, maintenance crews, engineers, food and beverage staff, event coordinators and the managerial staff. Full-Service, Resort or Luxury A hotel general manager oversees all hotel operations to ensure the hotel runs smoothly. A large, full-service hotel maintains an extensive organizational structure in order to quickly meet its guests needs and desires. The hotel utilizes a large management staff, including a general manager, a hiring manager, and managers of its catering, restaurant, housekeeping, sales and marketing departments. According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics 2010-2011 report on hotel organization, large hotel chainsrecognizing the importance of expanded lodging optionsare starting to offer limitedservice, economy, and luxury inns under one corporate name. Limited Service or Economy Limited service hotelsincluding boutique hotels, some bed and breakfasts, and budget (or economy) hotelsdo not require the expansive organizational structure that a large-scale hotel requires. These smaller hotels operate with a smaller, more diversified staff. According to the U.  S. Bureau of Labor Statistics report on hotel accommodations, patrons usually find smaller hotels in urban locations. Depending on an individual hotels rating, patrons often find highquality service and distinctive decor and food selections due to tight staff and quality control measures. Employee Hierarchy A hotels organizational structure depends largely on the quality, competence and hierarchy of its staff. At the top of the hotel pyramid is the hotels Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Underneath the CEO is the management staff, headed by the hotel general manager. The general manager, who oversees all hotel operations on a daily basis, may hire an assistant manager to help with his myriad duties and supervision. Underneath the general manager, a hotel may have a catering director, restaurant manager, wine manager, human resources director, administrative director, front office manager, etc. Underneath the managerial staff are the employees who work in food and beverage services, marketing and sales, room service, housekeeping and maintenance. The size of the hotel and the type of services it offers determines the complexity of its organizational employee structure.

Role of Visions and Hallucinations in Macbeth Essay examples -- Macbet

In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Macbeth’s visions and hallucinations play a significant role and contribute to the development of his character. In the play Macbeth, a man is driven to murder his king and his companions after receiving a fairly ambiguous prophecy told by three witches. Although the witches triggered the series of events that later aid Macbeth’s descent into complete insanity, Macbeth is portrayed from the very beginning as a fierce and violent soldier. As the play goes on, several internal conflicts inside of Macbeth become clear. After he performs several bloody tasks, the madness inside of Macbeth is unmistakably visible to everyone around him. As a result of this insanity, he sees visions and hallucinations. Each time Macbeth hallucinates, he plunges further into insanity that is essentially caused by misguided ambition, dread and guilt. Macbeth has three key hallucinations that play a considerably important role in the development of his character: a dagger, the ghost of Banquo, and four apparitions while visiting the prophesying witches. Macbeth’s first hallucination and sign of madness comes directly before his wife and he murder King Duncan. After hearing from the witches that he will become the king and conversing with his wife about this, the two of them decide they must kill Duncan. From the beginning of the play, we see Macbeth is a loyal warrior, albeit a vicious one with no trouble killing. It is in the first scene that Macbeth’s brutality is illustrated. An army captain reported: â€Å"For brave Macbeth (well he deserves that name), Disdaining Fortune, with his brandished steel, Which smoked with bloody execution, Like valor’s minion, carved out his passage Till he faced the slave; Which ne’er sh... .... His insanity was a result of ambition taken much too far, ambition mutated and converted into evil by internal as well as social conflict; Macbeth’s wife did nothing to prevent Macbeth’s sickness and actually helped the problem develop. From his ambition came actions that filled his mind with conflict, dread, suspicion and guilt. It could be said that Macbeth was insane from the beginning, from the moment that the witches appeared to him in the third scene of the play or even from when he carved out his bloody passage in battle. Whether Macbeth was insane his whole life or just from the moment he first saw the imaginary dagger, it is indisputable that his visions and hallucinations only helped to supplement his lunacy. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Boston: D.C. Heath and Company, 1915. Google Books. Web. 3 Sept. 2015.

Counseling Psychology

A fuller understanding of clients’ problems within the province of psychological counseling involves not only the cogency of the framework employed but also how it applies in practice. Mindful of the fact that there is no single intervention or explanation that can possibly apply to all cases; there is a pressing need for counseling psychologists to take into consideration the client’s point of view; that is, how the client understands, appropriates and integrates for his/herself his/her current situation.If we are to characterize the past two decades, we may say that it is noted for an increased emphasis on methodological diversity, not only in approaches but also, and more importantly, in terms of alternative research methods in counseling psychology (Goldman, 1976; Howard, 1983). In this aspect, the emergence of pragmatism allowed for diverse approaches in counseling psychology which values both objective and subjective knowledge (Hanson, 2005, p.226). Mindful of thi s significant shift in theorizing and research, this paper seeks to articulate the underpinnings of the generalist approach to counseling psychology, their problems and limitations so as to provide feasible solutions for a more pragmatic approach that is beneficial not only for the clients but for the practitioner as well. The dominant approach in the profession of counseling psychology is the generalist model of intervention.The generalist approach is essentially a problem-solving approach which operates on the assumption that as experts, psychologists know best, since they have the necessary knowledge, skills and training in handling clients’ problems. Six interrelated steps/stages are involved in the generalist intervention model: (1) assessment, (2) planning, (3) intervention, (4) evaluation, (5) termination, and (6) follow up.The essential difference between the generalist and the person-centered approach in terms of intervention is that the generalist sees the relations hip in the â€Å"expert-client† kind of way, whereas, it is not necessarily the case for the person-centered approach. The counseling psychologist who employs the person-centered approach knows the value of emphatic listening and applies it to his/her clients for this will be of great help in addressing the client’s need for positive regard from others.If the client feels comfortable with the counseling psychologist because the latter knows how to listen, then this will be of great help in boosting the client’s self-worth. The person-centered approach was developed from the client-centered approach by Carl Rogers. Regarding the impact of the person-centered approach, Krebs and Blackman (1988) wrote: â€Å"The person-centered approach has had impact on domains outside of therapy such as family life, education, leadership, conflict resolution, politics and community health.† On a preliminary note, it may be said that for Krebs and Blackman, the person-cente red approach has many interesting and fruitful applications. As was noted earlier, Roger’s person-centered therapy is a modification of his client-centered therapy, the foundation of which is a phenomenological and existential framework on construing a theory of personality. An adequate theory of personality, as Roger sees it, must take into account the core notions of (1) human nature and (2) the human condition and the reason for improving the aforementioned condition.He writes: â€Å"the core of man's nature is essentially positive† (1961, p. 73). He adopts an organismic view of the person in a positive way. It is positive in the sense that the person, as an organism, is driven by an actualizing tendency. This idea is actuallly not something new and may be compared to the ancient Greeks idea of the telos which is the Greek term for end or purpose. In Aristotle’s view, for instance, man’s telos involves the actualization of the distinctive human functio n.It is, in this direction then that human beings ought to move [that is, the actualization of the human potentials]. â€Å"The good life is a process not a state of being. It is a direction, not a destination (Rogers, 1961, p. 186)†. The Self then for Rogers, is driven by the said actualizing tendency. A fully-functioning person for Rogers is a person who is developing, or if I may use Aristotle’s word â€Å"flourishing†. The fully-functioning person flourishes, so to speak, that is, geared towards development. Development in this sense, would involve personality development.Since man’s nature, as Rogers claims, is positive then he/she will seek personality development. If the person-centered approach to counseling psychology is more appropriate in terms of producing successful outcomes, then perhaps we may consider juxtaposing such an approach with the constructivist framework. According to Neimeyer (1995) constructivism represents a meta-theory and epi stemologic stance that emphasises self-conceiving, self-organising, and proactive features of human knowing (cited in Savickas, 2000, p. 60).Moreover, by juxtaposing the person-centered approach with constructivism, both the client and the counseling psychologist may continuously review, revise and re-orient themselves with the things that they know and how they live their lives. This is to say that there is no monopoly in terms of the learning process that takes place since both the client and the counseling psychologist takes an active part in the meaning-making process. This way, psychology becomes humanistic. Rogers’ person-centered approach is of this type.Humanistic psychology, as a reaction to positivistic psychology, sheds light on important questions that matter, not only for the client and practitioner, learner and teacher. Schneider, et. al, summarized these questions as follows: â€Å"What does it mean to be fully experientially human? † and â€Å"How does that understanding illuminate the fulfilled or vital life? † (Schneider, et. al, 2001, p. xx). These questions are questions of universal concern and have been framed in different ways by different thinkers in different periods in the history of ideas.In the final analysis, we may take refuge in the thought that developing humanistic psychology brings us closer to understanding our human condition, our situatedness. In so doing, it also gives us a fuller understanding of our very own humanity. For it is by knowing who we are and where we stand can we chart the rightful path towards a just and humane society. References Goldman, L. (1976). â€Å"A Revolution in Counseling Psychology. † Journal of Counseling Psychology. 23: 543-552. Hanson, W. E. (2005). â€Å"Mixed Methods Research Designs in Counseling Psychology. † Journal of Counseling Psychology. 52: 224-235. Howard, G. S. (1983).â€Å"Toward Methodological Pluralism. † Journal of Counseling Psychology . 30: 19-21. Krebs, D. , Blackman, R. (1988). Psychology: A First Encounter. Toronto: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Rogers, C. R. (1965). â€Å"A Humanistic Conception of Man†. In R. E. Farson (ed. ) Science and Human Affairs: Science and Behavior Books, Inc. ___. (1961). On Becoming a Person. Houghton Mifflin. Savickas, M. L. (2000). â€Å"Renovating the Psychology of Careers for the Twenty First Century. † The Future of Career. Cambridge University Press. Schneider, K. J. , et. al. (2001). The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology: Leading Edges in Theory, Research and Practice. Sage.

Analysis Of Margaret Atwood s The Penelopiad - 869 Words

Margaret Atwood is a Canadian author and poet. She is the author of more than forty books of fiction, poetry, and critical essays (margareatwood.ca) and is very popular in the feminist community due to her novels focusing on women’s culture and viewpoint. The Penelopiad is a novel written by Atwood that tells the myth of the famous Greek king Odysseus from his wife Penelope’s point of view. The reader-response theory is the best way to interpret this novel. This theory is a form of literary criticism that depends on the reader’s response to the text. Each reader will have a similar but slightly different experience from the text. This novel contains experiences most can relate to or will relate to in their future and receive a lesson from it. Perspective is very important in this novel. How it is interpreted is dependent upon who is reading it. There is not a single meaning to this novel but many. As a child, Penelope’s father had attempted to drown her bu t she was saved by ducks and was ultimately nicknamed Duck by her family. Afterwards, her father became overly affectionate towards her seemingly out of guilt. Her mother was very absent-minded and not consistently proactive in her life. Many people have had issues from or in their childhood. Many have also had traumatic experiences as a child and understanding why these things happened is rare and this often permanently affects lives. Penelope was described as intelligent instead of beautiful while her cousin, Helen, wasShow MoreRelatedA Feminist Novel The Penelopiad By Margaret Atwood Essay1183 Words   |  5 Pages‘The Penelopiad’ is a novella by Margaret Atwood, published in 2005 in the Canongate Myth Series where contemporary authors rewrite ancient myths. Atwood often portrays female characters dominated and oppressed by patriarchy in her novels. Atwood believes that the feminist label can only be applied to writers who consciously work within the framework of the feminist movement. The novella s central themes include the effects of story-telling perspectives, double standards between the sexes and theRead MoreThemes Of Penelope s Heroism1892 Words   |  8 Pages Themes of Penelope’s Heroism in The Penelopaid The Penelopaid is a novella which was written by author Margaret Atwood and published in 2005. It is a contemporary perspective narrated by Penelope, the wife of Odysseus and is an extension of Homer s The Odyssey. In The Odyssey, the descriptions of the women and their lives is written from a masculine perspective, and does not relay the true depth of the female characters role, especially not Penelope. The Penelopaid however, tells the story from